The Nigerian Stock Market and Its Impact on the Economy

CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW Nigeria, like many other African countries, was created from a multi-ethnic, socially and culturally diverse people, situated between the Equator and the tropic of cancer, its climate and vegetation can afford the growth of many tropical commodities such as cocoa, groundnuts, palm produce and rubber. Starting from a low technological base after political independence in 1960, the country embarked on the arduous task of building a state with one identity by integrating the different ethnicities and transforming the barter economy into financial exchange economy. The country provided infrastructure and social amenities for a very young population. Over the years, policies were pursued in order to achieve the goal of a†¦show more content†¦Fakiyesi, O.M. in his paper also said that the poor in Nigeria have limited access to savings and credit facilities, good roads, pipe borne water, innovative technology and low output markets. They are predominantly in subsistence agricult ure and in petty trading, utilising traditional input. This is why the role of the capital market as agent of growth and development is very important, thus this role has been subject of concern and has drawn comments from different fora. It is under this background this study was proposed, to further clarify the symbiotic relationship between the capital market and economic development. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Economic advancement and allocation of the aggregate investment in an economy for production of goods and services are too prominent factors in our national development. The importance of capital market can be ascertained from the increasing emphasis and recognition accorded to investment as veritable instruments of development by policy makers in Nigeria and the world over. Capital mobilisation and allocation are very essential if the regular features of poor infrastructural facilities (i.e. bad roads/poor road networks, lack of electricity, water, indecent accommodation, inadequate educational institutions, lack of health centres and poorShow MoreRelatedCurrent Issues On Capital Market Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesCURRENT ISSUES ON CAPITAL MARKET The Capital market all over the globe experienced crisis which started in United States of America in 2007 following the collapse of subprime mortgage. The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, which led to the collapse of the US capital market that later trickled to other part of the world with large organization asking for bailout and also economies requesting for same from other economies or regional unions. The Nigerian Capital market was not exempted inRead MoreImpact of Industrial Development on Nigeria Stock Market1457 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Industrial development on Nigeria stock market. 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Differences and Similarities in the Arguments for...

Lorena Burgess RHE 309S October 28th, 2011 Differences and Similarities in the Arguments for Legalizing Marijuana The legalization of marijuana has become a mainstream issue that the nation has become highly concerned about in recent years. Lately more and more conservative opposers have begun to change their minds, realizing the benefits of marijuana. Debate followers go as far as saying that it is no longer a question of if marijuana will be legalized, but when. The shift in viewpoints is due to the increasing awareness of some of the positive effects legalizing marijuana could have on the country. Pro-legalization advocates argue that the benefits of legalizing marijuana greatly outnumber the benefits of keeping it illegal.†¦show more content†¦They know their audience is anti-legalization, so they want to make sure that the readers know, before they choose a stance, they’ve been lied to. This makes the authors seem like more trustworthy and rational choice. By using the Constitution to back up their arguments, there is no real way to justify anti-legalization. Assumptions will be made that you’re anti-Constitution, and in turn, anti-American. Another similarity between Cartwright’s stance and other arguments for marijuana legalization is the huge emphasis on the effects it will have on the economy. In the article â€Å"Up In Smoke,† Kelley Beaucar Vlahos describes the economic benefits of legalization, while giving real number estimates of how much revenue could be brought in or saved. She writes, â€Å"Proponents of Prop 19 claimed taxes on legalized cannabis could bring upwards of $1.4 billion into beleaguered state coffers† (Vlahos 18). Cartwright does this in his article as well, stating that â€Å"In America, we spend nearly $8 billion trying to enforce the laws prohibiting the use and possesson of marijuana† (Cartwright 86). Cartwright further supports this argument by providing more proof of the waste of taxpayers’ dollars, stating that â€Å"in Texas, 97 percent of all marijuana arrests are for simple possession--an ounce or less--at a cost to taxpayers of $480 million a year† (86). Cartwright chooses to provide the reader with these statistics for deliberate reasons: it provides aShow MoreRelatedShould Hemp Be Legalize The Planting Of Hemp?1503 Words   |  7 Pagesmentally. He states, â€Å"Flower buds of marijuana plants typically contain 5% to 25% of THC by dry weight, Levine said. By contrast, the hemp harvested to make foods and other products has buds with 0.3% THC content†¦ with sufficiently low THC levels that they produce no psychoactive effect in humans, manufacturers say. ‘No one s getting high on this stuff’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Carey). Carey’s argument is based on the idea that people tend to believe hemp is same as the addictive drug—marijuana. Statistically, this quote clearlyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1820 Words   |  8 Pagesuse is checked in screening processes by many employers and forbidden among our youth since children and young adults are more vulnerable to misuse. With the legalization of marijuana all parents should be concerned as what was once an illegal drug is now easily accessible to youth of all ages. The chances of exposure to marijuana and all its strains among teens is almost certain and it is up to parents to protect their children from a newfound threat. A major debate revolves around the medical aspectRead MoreMODR 17608087 Words   |  33 Pagesfacts and spin them to your advantage not in a way that accurately reflects the truth. Or to spin them reversely to oppose your opponent. To raise emotions, prejudice, and ignorance in poorer and less-educated. Lecture 3: In order to have an argument we need two related claims. One claim supports the other. The supporter claim is premise. The supported is the conclusion. The process is inference. A claim is a statement that can be true or false. - Questions are not claims. Unless they’re

The Two Best Job Searching Methods Free Essays

There is no doubt that people who want to have a good life dream of a good job. Although it may seem us easy to find a job, people have to struggle so much for having a good job because of great competition about accept top position even average positions. There are various ways to find a job such as internet, direct application, newspapers, using connections or friends, networking. We will write a custom essay sample on The Two Best Job Searching Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my opinion internet and networking are the two most of effective ways a finding a job. Internet is a constitution that is infinitely useful and serviceable when it used effective and correctly. Internet is a wide network what spans the world. It contains a lot of recruitment agencies, cooperation websites, association sites, newsletters and freelance job options and in the present day access to internet very easily. This also provides an opportunity to become an impressive job searching. Based on The Conference Board report , newspapers and online ads are used by 70% of all job seekers for recruitment (2006)p1. It was established a lot of websites in order to bring together job searchers with employers such as secretcv. com, kariyer. net, yenibiris. com, monster. com. All over the world engagement agencies are accepted by companies and employers. Nowadays, most of company advertise only this websites, and choose their workers by means of who appealed this websites with their CV. Especially large companies are not permit direct application for many positions. Another effective job searching method is networking. Communication and relations compose the basis of the network because many jobs are never advertised. Networking also comprises not only business networking websites but also friendships, exhibitions, shows, seminars, training. Firstly, let’s consider business networking websites such as linekedin. com, bni. com. Their aim is create a platform where professionals from all kinds of different industries can meet up, find jobs, new assignments, cooperation partners, experts and generate business ideas. With more people getting online now, business networking sites are attracting a great deal of attention for their role in bolstering professional relationships and facilitating new connections. Secondly, some companies organize seminars thus they explain about their business and accept graduated or students who suitable in order to their business. In this way more and more people are employed. According to Goodman, networking is the leader of job searching because it is on the success of 50% regarded in generally (2009)p2. I believe that networking is a giant world in its own right. How to cite The Two Best Job Searching Methods, Essay examples

Patent Protection of Software and Hardware

Question: Discuss about thePatent Protection of Software and Hardware. Answer: Introduction Patent refers to the form of protection that is granted to an individual or a group with the exclusive rights for a particular product or a commodity on the making, selling or using the same. Any activity that is executed on the product without the consent of the patent owner may result in legal penalties and punishments. Computer software and hardware are the categories that are exposed to a number of risks and threats and a major portion of the same are associated with patent infringements. The report covers the necessity of patent protection on these categories of products along with jurisdiction and a few examples of law suits as well. Patent Protection of Software and Hardware Patent protection is a form of legal protection that is provided to the product owner and provides them with the exclusive rights in the using, selling, copying and making of the product (McNamara, 2016). There are a number of steps that are involved in the process of patenting software or hardware. The patent rules and guidelines are different in different countries. However, the series of steps that are described below are followed in every country for availing patent protection on the software and hardware products. Patent Eligibility: It must be ascertain the software or hardware for which the patent needs to be filed is original in all forms. The idea, built, components and all the associated details regarding the product must be original and not copies from anywhere. A prior art search must be done from the owners end and a series of verifications and validations are done by the patent body to mark the patent being filed as eligible. The description of the product along with an abstract covering the product brief must also be submitted to the patent body once the patent being filed is found to be eligible. The description must include the product category, product name, list of owners, purpose of the product and the major features that the product will perform. The abstract must cover the reason which is present behind the application of the patent for the product (Quinn, 2016). An application must then be submitted to the patent body which is usually regulated by the federal government and a filing fee is also charged from the applicant. The application would require the basic details of the applicant along with the design of the product, product description and abstract. The oath would also be required by the applicant that will be the product inventor to confirm the authenticity and originality of the product that may be either software or hardware. It will also provide the patent body to investigate and seek the inventor for further information. A considerable time period will then be required to approve and confirm the patent that has been filed. The applicant may make the queries or inquiries regarding the final date and the status of the patent that will be informed to the same in a timely manner (Carnes, 2016). Jurisdiction Patent Protection for Software and Hardware There are a number of laws and legal policies that have been defined against the patent protection on the product categories specific to the software and hardware. The prime requirements that United States look for in the software or hardware to be patented are the novelty, utility and the non-obviousness and it must be filed in a period of 12 months starting with the invention of the same. European Union requirements for the patent protection of software and hardware is a mirror to the ones listed for United States and asks for industrial applicability, novelty and inventive step behind the for the same. The invention must be of technical nature in order to be eligible for patents. There have been many revisions done on the patent policy towards software and hardware in Japan. The term that is required for requesting examination is three years in Japan and would mark a product to be eligible for patent if it is crated with the ability of being industrially applicable. The patent policy in China is not very restricted and looks for novelty in the products that are sent for the patent application. Comparison Chart A comparison chart is shown above to understand the patent policies and jurisdiction that exists in different countries regarding the patent protection of software and hardware. United States is the only exception that follows a first-to-invent system whereas all the others believe in the first to file patent policy. The process of application also varies from country to country and the level of restriction also differs. United States is the least restrictive when it comes to the patent protection of software and business methods followed by Japan and then European Union. China does not consider business methods to be patentable (Chaleck et al., 2016). Example of Law Suits There have been a number of cases of patent infringement on the product categories as software and hardware that have been filed in the past. One of the examples of such a law suit is the patent trial that continued between the two IT giants as Apple and Samsung. The case started when Apple had filed a suit against Samsung in April, 2011 and accused its rival organization of copying some of the essential features and application that were invented by it which resulted in the decrease of the market shares occupied by iPhones and iPads. List of Patents that were filed by Apple and Samsung was accused of the infringement of the same List of Patents that were filed by Samsung and Apple was accused of the infringement of the same Quick Links Universal Search Background Syncing Slide to Unlock Automatic Word Correction Camera and folder organization Video Transmission There were a number of demands from both sides in terms of compensation and penalties on the infringement of the patents. As per the final verdict, quick links and automatic word correction were the patents that were found to be infringed by all the Samsung devices whereas none of it was convicted of the infringement of universal search and background syncing. The slide to unlock was found to be infringed in some of the devices and was absent from the others. Apple was found to have infringed the camera and folder organization patent is all of its devices whereas a few of them had the feature of video transmission as well. Both the companies were found to be guilty of the accusations that were imposed and were ordered to compensate for the losses that occurred as a result. Samsung was asked to pay $119.6 million to Apple and Apple had to pay $158,400 to Samsung. There was also involvement of Google in the case as Samsung has reported these features to be a part of Android operating system implemented in its devices which was created by Google. However, that did not change the verdict that was given by the jury. Need of Patent Protection for Software and Hardware Technology has expanded itself over all the sectors that are present and a major transformation has been done in the field of computer software and hardware. There are a number of cases of patent infringement that are seen in this sector and it is necessary to protect the patented assets from the infringement cases. The primary reason behind the patent protection for software and hardware is the restriction that it puts on the illegal usage of these products without the consent from the patent owner. There are numerous cases wherein a replica of a web application or a web site is created and the makers of such applications attract the traffic of the original application towards them. These activities are also done with the objective of fraud or theft by the means of impersonation. Patent protection aids in the prevention of such activities and in case the criminals are detected and convicted, then considerable legal penalties and punishments are also imposed on them. It provides the owners with the rights to prevent their creation from being copied or used illegally (Tysver, 2016). Conclusion Patent protection for software and hardware is a significant step towards the protection of novelty and originality associated with every invention of both of these product categories. The rules and laws that guard the patent processes must be very applicable and strict to make sure that the cases of infringement are reduced and the profits for the original inventor of the products are not impacted negatively in any manner. There are laws that are created by countries that vary from one country to the other and must be followed by the users as well as the product creators to prevent the violation and illegal usage of the same. References Carnes, D. (2016). How to File a Software Patent. [online] Info.legalzoom.com. Available at: https://info.legalzoom.com/file-software-patent-20377.html [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Chaleck, J., Gupta, A., Kong, D., Li, J. and Lin, J. (2016). Applicability of Patent Protection to Software Inventions. [online] Available at: https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/04au/clearedprojects/Chalecki.pdf [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. McNamara, B. (2016). Patent and Copyright Protection for Computer Hardware and Software. [online] Foley.com. Available at: https://www.foley.com/patent-and-copyright-protection-for-computer-hardware-and-software/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Quinn, G. (2016). A Guide to Patenting Software: Getting Started. [online] Ipwatchdog.com. Available at: https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2013/02/16/a-guide-to-patenting-software-getting-started/id=35629/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Tibken, S. (2014). Apple v. Samsung patent trial recap: How it all turned out (FAQ). [online] CNET. Available at: https://www.cnet.com/au/news/apple-v-samsung-patent-trial-recap-how-it-all-turned-out-faq/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Tysver, D. (2016). Why Protect Software Through Patents (BitLaw). [online] Bitlaw.com. Available at: https://www.bitlaw.com/software-patent/why-patent.html [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016].